Amperometric sensor for low level dissolved oxygen with self-depleting sensor design

ABSTRACT

A dissolved oxygen sensor having a cathode and anode immersed in an electrolyte is designed to provide a low background current in the sensor when a potential is applied to the cathode. The background current is maintained at a desired level by selecting the area and length of a channel or path of diffusion of residual oxygen in the electrolyte to the cathode. The area (A) of the diffusion channel in relation to its length (L) is selected to be at or below a selected ratio, A/L.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to a sensor to sense dissolved oxygen (DO) in boiler water, and the like, for determining purity of the water. The sensor provides an output current and the present invention teaches reducing background or offset current of the sensor to improve the ability to sense low levels of oxygen in water by controlling the configuration of an internal oxygen diffusion path of residual oxygen in a liquid electrolyte used for the sensor.

[0002] The amount of dissolved oxygen in aqueous solutions such as water is a direct indication of water quality for power plant corrosion control applications. The prior art dissolved oxygen sensors are enclosed in a housing that protrudes into a flowing stream or sample of the water and when energized with an electrical potential the oxygen in the water or other liquid will pass through a gas permeable membrane to a component of the sensor, called a cathode.

[0003] The gas permeable membrane of prior art sensors cover the sensor components, which are in an outer housing. The cathode which is normally gold, and a silver anode are mounted at spaced locations in the housing. An electrolyte solution, such as potassium chloride, immerses the cathode and anode.

[0004] When the sensor does start to operate, that is, when an oxygen reduction potential is applied to the cathode, the oxygen in the electrolyte stored in a chamber in the sensor housing diffuses into a film of electrolyte between the membrane and the cathode. Oxygen in the vicinity of the cathode gets reduced through the following known electrochemical process:

O₂+2H₂O+4e→4OH—  (1)

[0005] The process creates an oxygen concentration gradient around the cathode which generates a diffusion of residual dissolved oxygen contained in the liquid electrolyte in the sensor chamber toward the cathode. At steady state a constant residual oxygen flux reaches the cathode and creates the constant background or offset current. The current from constant residual oxygen flux follows Fick's First Law, and the background current I_(b) can be expressed as:

I_(b)=4FSDAP/L.  (2)

[0006] In the above equation (2), F is the Faradaic constant; S the oxygen solubility; D the diffusion coefficient of oxygen through the electrolyte; A the cross sectional area of the diffusion flux, or essentially the cross sectional area of the channel between the cathode and the electrolyte chamber; P the partial pressure of oxygen in air; and L the diffusion channel length. In equation (2) above all of the values of the factors at the right are known. At room temperature F is 95600C/mole, SD was tested to be 5×10⁻¹⁰ mole/atm.m.s, and P is 0.21 atm.

[0007] A, the area of the channel or path provided for diffusion of oxygen flux from the electrolyte chamber to the cathode, and L, the diffusion path length both can be changed through sensor design.

[0008] The residual oxygen thus causes an output current, even when the sensor is exposed to oxygen-free media.

[0009] When the sensor is used for sensing oxygen in water (or other aqueous solutions) to be monitored the membrane is exposed to the water and dissolved oxygen in the water is also attracted to the cathode and diffuses through the membrane to the film of electrolyte between the membrane and the cathode and then to the cathode.

[0010] The output current from dissolved oxygen in water being sampled, above the background or offset current of the sensor, is directly proportional to the oxygen partial pressure in the water, or in other words, proportional to the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water.

[0011] To achieve sensitivity to low levels of dissolved oxygen in the water, in the range of a few parts per billion (ppb), the background or offset current of the sensor must be low. The background current is mostly contributed from the dissolved oxygen that remains in the electrolyte stored in the sensor, which has been termed the residual oxygen. One prior art method to reduce the background current has been to use an extra electrode guard ring to deplete the residual oxygen around the cathode electrochemically during the sensor operation. This adds cost and parts to the sensor.

[0012] The residual oxygen cannot be eliminated from the electrolyte. So the problem is to reduce the background current caused by the residual oxygen in the electrolyte with a simple, low cost construction, without sacrificing performance for measuring dissolved oxygen in water samples.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] The present invention relates to a dissolved oxygen sensor that maintains the background current at a very low level while also maintaining the desired sensitivity by controlling the ratio of the area (A) to the length (L) of the channel for diffusion of residual oxygen from an electrolyte in a sensor chamber to a cathode. When the A/L ratio is small enough, the cathode will deplete the residual oxygen around it. Thus, the present invention results in a self-depleting dissolved oxygen sensor.

[0014] The A/L ratio is selected to be at or below a value selected as a function of the sensitivity which can be determined by using equation (2) and selecting the background current that provides the desired sensitivity. The minimum A/L ratio (a very small passage) that can be used is a finite number that can be calculated to provide limited residual oxygen flux diffusion in a reasonable response time. The minimum A/L usable also depends on the ability to manufacture small cross sectional area channels for flux diffusion.

[0015] Typically, the flux diffusion path is a narrow annular channel surrounding the cathode, filled with the electrolyte, and the diffusion channel length is measured in axial direction from the electrolyte chamber in which the anode is placed to the cathode surface or plane facing the membrane. The diffusion path for residual oxygen can be formed in other locations such as providing holes through the end of a support for the cathode, or it can comprise a series of holes or channels.

[0016] The cathode can be of any other noble metal in addition to gold, such as, rhodium, platinum, silver or similar metals. The anode preferably is silver, but also can be zinc, cadmium, or lead. The electrolyte is selected to be compatible with the cathode and anode materials selected.

[0017] The preferred membrane material is Teflon (Polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE), but it can be other desired membrane materials that serve the same function.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018]FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a typical pipe connector housing a dissolved oxygen (DO) sensor made according to the present invention.

[0019]FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of a DO sensor including features of the present invention;

[0020]FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross sectional view of the membrane and cathode of the sensor FIG. 1 illustrating a typical diffusion channel for the oxygen flux;

[0021]FIG. 4 is an end view of the cathode and diffusion channel taken on line 4-4 in FIG. 3; and

[0022]FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the plot of background current versus the A/L ratio, based upon Equation (2).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

[0023] The present invention relates to a dissolved oxygen sensor for monitoring water quality. The sensor is designed to have a reduced level of background current, to permit sensing low levels of oxygen in water. The background current is generated when an electrical potential is applied between an anode and cathode which are immersed in an electrolyte in the sensor. The present invention controls the background current by properly shaping and sizing a channel from the electrolyte stored in a chamber of the sensor to the cathode, so the effect of residual oxygen in the electrolyte, which causes the background current, is reduced.

[0024] In FIG. 1, a dissolved oxygen sensor indicated generally at 10 includes an outer tubular housing 12 that mounts in a T-connection or fitting 14. The sensor cable 16 connects to suitable sensing circuitry 18 that provides the output signal. The output signal can be used in a transmitter to control a process or can be provided to an indicator showing the dissolved oxygen in the liquid passing through the fitting 14. The outer housing 12 of the sensor 10 is held in place with a coupling nut 20. An end portion 22 of the sensor protrudes into the fluid stream of aqueous liquid material, such as water, that flows through the fitting 14. A cathode support sleeve 32 is mounted inside the housing 12, and a cathode 34 is positioned at an outer end of the support sleeve and has a surface facing the membrane 30. A lead 36 carries a voltage or potential to the cathode in a normal manner.

[0025] As shown in FIG. 2, an outer nut 28 fits over the end of the outer housing 12 and is used to hold a membrane 30 over the open end of the housing. The membrane 30 is clamped between a spacer ring 38 and a clamp ring 44 that are clamped together with the nut 28. The surface of the spacer ring 38 opposite from the membrane is sealed relative to the end of housing 12 with an O ring 40 in a groove in the housing. The spacer ring 38 also carries an O ring 42 that engages membrane 30. The clamp plate 44 bears on the membrane 30 to force it against the O ring 42 and the spacer ring 38 to hold the membrane in position.

[0026] The outer end portion 31 of cathode support sleeve 32 has an outer surface 33 (see FIG. 3) that is inside the inner surface 37 of a center opening of spacer ring 38. The outer surface 33 of sleeve 32 and the inner surface 37 of the opening in spacer ring 38 form a narrow, axially extending annular channel 46 that surrounds the outer end portion of the cathode support sleeve, as shown in FIG. 3.

[0027] The restricted residual oxygen flux channel 46 has a diffusion path length L in a direction along the central longitudinal axis of the sensor from the electrolyte filled chamber 52 to the space 50 between the cathode surface and the membrane. An anode represented at 54 is positioned in chamber 52 and is immersed in the electrolyte. There is a thin layer of electrolyte in the space 50 between the membrane 30 and the facing surface of cathode 34, as shown in FIG. 3.

[0028] When the sensor starts to operate by applying a potential represented at V between the anode and cathode, oxygen will be reduced through the electrochemical process, which generates a diffusion of residual oxygen flux toward the cathode through the restricted channel 46. Channel 46 has an area “A”, as shown in FIG. 4, that is calculable and can be selected by the designer, and a length ALL shown in FIG. 3 that is also selectable. Both the area and length of the channel are thus known. When the residual oxygen in the electrolyte is reduced and the output signal is at a steady state, and no oxygen through membrane 30, for example when placing the sensor in deaerated water, the steady state current detected by circuit 18 is the constant background or offset current caused by the residual oxygen in the electrolyte.

[0029] In order to reduce the background current, the present invention provides a structure and a method of maintaining the ratio of the area of the restricted flux diffusion channel to the length of the flux diffusion channel small enough so that the background current is maintained at a desired low level.

[0030] It is known that with prior art amperometric sensor design the current output at 8 ppm dissolved oxygen can be designed to be about 40 μA. In such a case, since the sensor output is linear, an arithmetical ratio shows that background current below 5 ηA will provide a sensing accuracy of ±1 ppb.

[0031] Referring to FIG. 5 and the graphical representation plotting the background current versus A/L, the A/L value needs to be below 0.026 mm in order to meet this criteria. The plot of FIG. 5 is based on equation (2).

[0032] In one example, a dissolved oxygen sensor having an A/L ratio around 0.009 was prepared. It was filled with an electrolyte, and subjected to a suitable potential, and after about 5 hours, the sensor output reached a stable value around 1.8 ηA which is the background or offset current. This is very close to the calculated value 1.7 ηA from Equation 2, and proves the concept of reducing the background current by having a low A/L ratio.

[0033] The minimum A/L ratio is one that will permit diffusion of oxygen flux in a reasonable length of time at start up. It has been found that very quick start up is achieved with the present invention s because of the low background or offset current, because it brings a fast “come down speed” after the sensor is calibrated in air and placed back to oxygen free media. The simple design of the present invention makes it more easily manufactured, and maintainable than the guard ring electrode design. The maximum A/L for a given sensor can be selected on the basis of the sensing accuracy desired. Background or offset current can be maintained at or below the selected level.

[0034] The present method includes selecting a desired background current to meet a desired sensing accuracy, for example, 5 ηA that meets a sensing accuracy of ±1 ppb for a normal size cathode. For different desired levels of background current, the A/L ratio is kept below other selected maximum levels.

[0035] The area of the diffusion channel or passage for residual oxygen in the electrolyte can be selected, and then the length will be determined from equation (2). If the length of the diffusion channel is a set length, the area of the channel that is needed to obtain the desired ratio can be calculated from Equation (2).

[0036] The discovery of the effect of a proper A/L ratio of the residual oxygen diffusion path in reducing the background current can be applied to a range of different sizes of amperometric sensors. The size of the cathode and other factors can be taken into consideration as needed by persons skilled in the art.

[0037] The present invention, thus, teaches reducing background or stand off current and fast come down speed without added components, such as a guard ring electrode.

[0038] Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A sensor for sensing presence of a gas in a liquid comprising a housing having an interior chamber, a cathode mounted in said housing adjacent one end, an anode supported in said housing open to said chamber and spaced from the cathode, an electrolyte in the chamber, a membrane permeable to a gas having a section for separating the cathode, anode and the electrolyte from a sample medium, the cathode having a surface facing the membrane and spaced therefrom, a channel leading from the chamber to the space between the membrane and the cathode surface, the electrolyte filling the channel and the space, said channel having an area A and a length L, and the ratio A/L being below a selected amount for controlling maximum background current caused by residual amounts of the gas in the electrolyte.
 2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the ratio A/L is selected to provide a background current of less than 5 ηA when a voltage is applied to the cathode and anode, and wherein the A/L ratio is under 0.026 mm.
 3. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said channel is at least a part annular channel surrounding the cathode and providing a passage from the chamber.
 4. The sensor of claim 1 further comprising a source of a voltage to establish a potential between the cathode and the anode.
 5. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the membrane is permeable to oxygen, and the sensor is a dissolved oxygen sensor.
 6. The sensor of claim 5, wherein the channel is an annular channel surrounding the cathode.
 7. The sensor of claim 6, wherein the ratio A/L is below 0.026 mm.
 8. In a dissolved oxygen sensor comprising a housing having an interior chamber and having at least one open end, a membrane overlying the open end, a cathode supported in the housing adjacent the open end with a space between the cathode and the membrane, a restricted channel extending from the space between the cathode and the membrane to the interior chamber and having an area and a length, and an anode mounted in said interior chamber, the interior chamber, the restricted channel, and the space between the membrane and the cathode being filled with an electrolyte, and a source of potential connected between the anode and the cathode, the improvement comprising forming the restricted channel to have a ratio A/L of the area (A) of the restricted channel relative to the length (L) of the restricted channel from the space to the chamber that is below a selected value to limit background current sensed between the cathode and anode.
 9. The dissolved oxygen sensor of claim 8, wherein the background current is determined in accordance with following the equation: I_(b)=4FSDAP/L where F is the Faradaic constant, S the oxygen solubility, D the diffusion coefficient of oxygen through the electrolyte, A the cross sectional area of the restricted channel, P the partial pressure of oxygen in air, and L the restricted channel length.
 10. The dissolved oxygen sensor of claim 9, wherein the ratio A/L is selected to be below 0.026 mm.
 11. The sensor of claim 9, wherein the membrane is made of polytetrafluoroethylene.
 12. A method of reducing the background current in a dissolved oxygen sensor having a chamber filled with electrolyte, a membrane covering an opening to the chamber and a cathode adjacent the membrane with a layer of electrolyte between the membrane and the cathode, comprising providing a restricted electrolyte filled channel from the chamber to the layer of electrolyte, applying a potential between the cathode and an anode in the chamber to reduce oxygen at the cathode so that residual oxygen in the electrolyte diffuses through the restricted channel to the cathode, and forming the restricted channel to have an area A and length L at a selected ratio of A to L to provide background current from dissolved oxygen in the electrolyte below a selected level.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising selecting the background current as a function of sensor accuracy and calculating the ratio A/L in accordance with the following equation: I_(b)=4FSDAP/L where F is the Faradaic constant, S the oxygen solubility, D the diffusion coefficient of oxygen through the electrolyte, A the cross sectional area of the restricted channel, P the partial pressure of oxygen in air, and L the restricted channel length. 